Operating System Tutorial

An Operating System(OS) is a software that manages and handles hardware and software resources of a computing device.

• Responsible for managing and controlling all the activities and sharing of computer resources among different running applications.
• A low-level Software that includes all the basic functions like processor management, memory management, file management, etc.
• It mainly acts a government for your system that has different departments to manage different resources.
• Examples are Linux, Unix, Windows 11, MS DOS, Android, macOS and iOS.

Basics :

1. Introduction
2. Types of OS
3. Functions of OS
4. System Initialization
5. Kernel in OS
6. System Call
7. Privileged Instructions

Process Scheduling :

1. Process Introduction
2. Process Creation and Deletion
3. States of a Process
4. Process Table and Control Block
5. Types of Processes in Process Table
6. Process Management Introduction
7. Process Scheduler
8. CPU Scheduling Algorithms
9. Preemptive vs Non-Preemptive
10. Time spent in Context Switch
11. Dispatcher vs scheduler
12. Starvation and Aging in Operating Systems

>> Quiz on CPU Scheduling

Process Synchronization

1. Inter Process Communication
2. Introduction to Process Synchronization
3. Critical Section
4. Peterson’s Algorithm in Process Synchronization
5. Lock variable synchronization mechanism
6. Semaphores in operating system
7. Classical IPC Problems 
8. Communication using signals in C
9. Mutex vs. Semaphore
10. Monitors for Process Synchronization
11. Dekker’s algorithm
12. Bakery Algorithm
13. Mutex lock for Linux Thread Synchronization
14. Priority Inversion

>> Quiz on Process Management in OS

Deadlock :

1. Deadlock Introduction
2. Deadlock Prevention And Avoidance
3. Deadlock Detection And Recovery
4. Banker’s Algorithm
5. Deadlock, Starvation, and Livelock
6. Resource Allocation Graph (RAG)
7. Methods of resource allocation to processes by operating system
8. Program for Deadlock free condition in Operating System
9. Deadlock detection in Distributed systems
10. Techniques used in centralized approach of deadlock detection in distributed systems

>> Quiz on Deadlock

Multithreading:

1. Operating System | Thread
2. Threads and its types
3. Operating System | User Level thread Vs Kernel Level thread
4. Process-based and Thread-based Multitasking
5. Multi threading models
6. Benefits of Multithreading
7. Operating System | Remote Procedure call (RPC)

Memory Management :

1. Introduction to memory and memory units
2. Memory Management in Operating System
3. Buddy System: Memory allocation technique
4. Paging
5. Segmentation
6. Virtual Memory
7. Memory Interleaving
8. Operating system based Virtualization
9. Swap Space
10. Page Fault Handling
11. Memory Segmentation in 8086 Microprocessor
12. Program for Next Fit algorithm in Memory Management
13. Overlays in Memory Management
14. Belady’s Anomaly
15. Page Replacement Algorithms
16. Second Chance (or Clock) Page Replacement Policy
17. Allocating kernel memory (buddy system and slab system)
18. Static and Dynamic Libraries | Set 1
19. Working with Shared Libraries | Set 1
20. Named Pipe or FIFO with example C program
21. Tracing memory usage in Linux

>> Quiz on Memory Management

Disk Management:

1. File Systems
2. Unix File System
3. Implementing Directory Management using Shell Script
4. File Directory | Path Name
5. Structures of Directory
6. File Allocation Methods
7. File Access Methods
8. Secondary memory
9. Secondary memory – Hard disk drive
10. Disk Scheduling Algorithms
11. Program for SSTF disk scheduling algorithm
12. What exactly Spooling is all about?
13. Difference between Spooling and Buffering
14. Free space management

>> Quiz on Input Output Systems

Misc

1. Computer Memory
2. Introduction to UNIX System
3. Microkernel
4. Kernel I/O Subsystem (I/O System)
5. Important Linux Commands (leave, diff, cal, ncal, locate and ln)
6. Process states and Transitions in a UNIX Process
7. Introduction to Linux Shell and Shell Scripting
8. ‘crontab’ in Linux with Examples
9. indepth and maxdepth in Linux find() command for limiting search to a specific directory.
10. Real time systems
11. Tasks in Real Time systems
12. Monolithic Kernel and key differences from Microkernel
13. Get/Set process resource limits in C
14. Dual Mode operations in OS

Types of Operating System

• Batch OS (e.g. Transactions Process, Payroll System, etc.)
• Multi-programmed OS(e.g. Windows, UNIX, macOS, etc.)
• Timesharing OS(e.g. Multics, Linux, etc.)
• Real-Time OS(e.g. PSOS, VRTX, etc.)
• Distributed OS(e.g. LOCUS, Solaris, etc.)

Operating System Functions

• Memory and processor Management
• Network Management
• Security Management
• File Management
• Error Detection
• Job Accounting

Frequently Asked Questions on Operating System - FAQs

Why learn Operating Systems?

OS is the most important part of a computer. Through OS users can interact with computer software. It provides an interface between Hardware and CPU. It also provides a platform for the program to run on it and services to users. It performs all the basic tasks required in an application.

Write the top 10 Operating System Examples?

Some most popular OS examples are given below:

• Windows
• Linux
• MacOS
• Ios
• Android
• Ubuntu
• CentOS
• Solaris
• Chrome OS
• Fedora

What are the Advantages of a multiprocessor system?

A multiprocessor system involves the processing of two or more computer programs simultaneously that share the same memory area. It increases reliability.

What is a thread in OS?

A thread is a lightweight process or subprogram which is part of the process or a program. A thread has its own Registers, Stack, State, and Program counter.

Quick Links :

• Last Minute Notes (LMNs) | Operating Systems
• Commonly Asked Operating Systems Interview Questions
• ‘Quizzes’ on Operating Systems !
• ‘Practice Problems’ on Operating Systems !

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• GATE CS