Python eval() function parse the expression argument and evaluate it as a python expression and runs python expression (code) within the program.
Python eval() Function Syntax:
Syntax: eval(expression, globals=None, locals=None)
Parameters:
- expression: String is parsed and evaluated as a Python expression
- globals [optional]: Dictionary to specify the available global methods and variables.
- locals [optional]: Another dictionary to specify the available local methods and variables.
Return: Returns output of the expression.
Python eval() Function Example:
print(eval('1+2'))
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Output:
3
Example1: Demonstration of eval() works
Let us explore it with the help of a simple Python program. function_creator is a function that evaluates the mathematical functions created by the user.
def function_creator():
# expression to be evaluated
expr = input("Enter the function(in terms of x):")
# variable used in expression
x = int(input("Enter the value of x:"))
# evaluating expression
y = eval(expr)
# printing evaluated result
print("y =", y)
if __name__ == "__main__":
function_creator()
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Output:
Enter the function(in terms of x):x*(x+1)*(x+2) Enter the value of x:3 y = 60
Let us analyze the code a bit:
- The above function takes any expression in variable x as input.
- Then the user has to enter a value of x.
- Finally, we evaluate the python expression using eval() built-in function by passing the expr as an argument.
Evaluating Expressions using Python’s eval()
Example 1: Mathematical operations using the eval function
Evaluating a mathematical expression using value of the variable x.
expression = 'x*(x+1)*(x+2)'
print(expression)
x = 3
result = eval(expression)
print(result)
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Output:
x*(x+1)*(x+2) 60
Example 2: Boolean Expressions using Python eval() Function
x = 5
print(eval('x == 4'))
x = None
print(eval('x is None'))
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Output:
False True
Example 3: Checking conditions using Python eval() Function
We can also evaluate condition checking on Python eval() function.
# check if element in tuplechars = ('a', 'b', 'c')
print("'d' in chars tuple?", eval("'d' in chars"))
# check if number is greater or lessernum = 100
print(num, "> 50?", eval('num > 50'))
# checking if number is evennum = 20
print(num, "is even?", eval('num % 2 == 0'))
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Output:
'd' in chars tuple? False 100 > 50? True 20 is even? True
Vulnerability issues with Python eval() Function
def secret_function():
return "Secret key is 1234"
def solve_expression():
# expecting input expression
# containing mathematical operations using x
expression = input("Enter the function(in terms of x):")
# variable to be used inside expression
x = input("Enter the value of x:")
# print result of expression evaluated
print("result:", eval(expression))
solve_expression() |
Our current version of solve_expression has a few vulnerabilities. The user can easily expose hidden values in the program or call a dangerous function, as eval will execute anything passed to it.
For example, if you input like this:
Enter the function(in terms of x):secret_function() Enter the value of x:0
You will get the output:
result: Secret key is 1234
Also, consider the situation when you have imported the os module in your Python program. The os module provides a portable way to use operating system functionalities like read or write a file. A single command can delete all files in your system. Of course, in most cases (like desktop programs) the user can’t do any more than they could do by writing their own python script, but in some applications (like web apps, kiosk computers), this could be a risk!
The solution is to restrict eval to only the functions and variables we want to make available.
Making eval() safe
eval function comes with the facility of explicitly passing a list of functions or variables that it can access. We need to pass it as an argument in the form of a dictionary.
from math import *
def secret_function():
return "Secret key is 1234"
def function_creator():
# expression to be evaluated
expr = input("Enter the function(in terms of x):")
# variable used in expression
x = int(input("Enter the value of x:"))
# passing variable x in safe dictionary
safe_dict['x'] = x
# evaluating expression
y = eval(expr, {}, safe_dict)
# printing evaluated result
print("y = {}".format(y))
if __name__ == "__main__":
# list of safe methods
safe_list = ['acos', 'asin', 'atan', 'atan2', 'ceil', 'cos',
'cosh', 'degrees', 'e', 'exp', 'fabs', 'floor',
'fmod', 'frexp', 'hypot', 'ldexp', 'log', 'log10',
'modf', 'pi', 'pow', 'radians', 'sin', 'sinh', 'sqrt',
'tan', 'tanh']
# creating a dictionary of safe methods
safe_dict = {}
for safe_key in safe_list:
safe_dict[safe_key] = locals().get(safe_key)
function_creator()
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Now if we try to run the above programs like:
Enter the function(in terms of x):secret_function() Enter the value of x:0
We get the output:
NameError: name 'secret_function' is not defined
Let us analyze above code step by step:
- First, we create a list of methods we want to allow as safe_list.
- Next, we create a dictionary of safe methods. In this dictionary, keys are the method names and values are their local namespaces.
safe_dict = {}
for safe_key in safe_list:
safe_dict[safe_key] = locals().get(safe_key)- locals() is a built-in method that returns a dictionary that maps all the methods and variables in local scope with their namespaces.
safe_dict['x'] = x
Here, we add local variable x to the safe_dict too. No local variable other than x will get identified by eval function.
- eval accepts dictionaries of local as well as global variables as arguments. So, in order to ensure that none of the built-in methods is available to eval expression, we pass another dictionary along with safe_dict as well, as shown below:
y = eval(expr, {}, safe_dict)So, in this way, we have made our eval function safe from any possible hacks!
Uses of Python eval() Function
eval() is not much used due to security reasons, as we explored above.
Still, it comes in handy in some situations like:
- You may want to use it to allow users to enter their own “scriptlets”: small expressions (or even small functions), that can be used to customize the behavior of a complex system.
- eval() is also sometimes used in applications needing to evaluate math expressions. This is much easier than writing an expression parser.