Abstract Methods in Java with Examples
Sometimes, we require just method declaration in super-classes. This can be achieve by specifying the abstract type modifier. These methods are sometimes referred to as subclasser responsibility because they have no implementation specified in the super-class. Thus, a subclass must override them to provide method definition. To declare an abstract method, use this general form:
abstract type method-name(parameter-list);
As you can see, no method body is present. Any concrete class(i.e. class without abstract keyword) that extends an abstract class must override all the abstract methods of the class.
Important rules for abstract methods:
- Any class that contains one or more abstract methods must also be declared abstract
- The following are various illegal combinations of other modifiers for methods with respect to abstract modifier:
- final
- abstract native
- abstract synchronized
- abstract static
- abstract private
- abstract strictfp
Consider the following Java program, that illustrate the use of abstract keyword with classes and methods.
// A java program to demonstrate // use of abstract keyword. // abstract class abstract class A { // abstract method // it has no body abstract void m1(); // concrete methods are still // allowed in abstract classes void m2() { System.out.println("This is " + "a concrete method."); } } // concrete class B class B extends A { // class B must override m1() method // otherwise, compile-time // exception will be thrown void m1() { System.out.println("B's " + "implementation of m2."); } } // Driver class public class AbstractDemo { public static void main(String args[]) { B b = new B(); b.m1(); b.m2(); } } |
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Output:
B's implementation of m2. This is a concrete method.
Note: Although abstract classes cannot be used to instantiate objects, they can be used to create object references, because Java’s approach to run-time polymorphism is implemented through the use of super-class references. Thus, it must be possible to create a reference to an abstract class so that it can be used to point to a subclass object.
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