The ancient Library of Alexandria may have been the largest collection of human knowledge in its time, and scholars still mourn its destruction. The risk of so devastating a loss diminished somewhat with the advent of the printing press and further still with the rise of the Internet. Yet centralized repositories of specialized information remain, as does the threat of a catastrophic loss.
Take GitHub, for example.
GitHub has in recent years become the world’s biggest collection of open source software. That’s made it an invaluable education and business resource. Beyond providing installers for countless applications, GitHub hosts the source code for millions of projects, meaning anyone can read the code used to create those applications. And because GitHub also archives past versions of source code, it’s possible to follow the development of a particular piece of software and see how it all came together. That’s made it an irreplaceable teaching tool.
The odds of Github meeting a fate similar to that of the Library of Alexandria. Indeed, rumor has it that Github soon will see a new round of funding that will place the company’s value at $2 billion. That should ensure, financially at least, that GitHub will stay standing.
But Github’s pending emergence as Silicon Valley’s latest unicorn holds a certain irony. The ideals of open source software center on freedom, sharing, and collective benefit—the polar opposite of venture capitalists seeking a multibillion-dollar exit. Whatever its stated principles, Github is under immense pressure to be more than just a sustainable business. When profit motives and community ideals clash, especially in the software world, the end result isn’t always pretty.
Sourceforge: A Cautionary Tale
Sourceforge is another popular hub for open source software that predates GitHub by nearly a decade. It was once the place to find open source code before GitHub grew so popular.
There are many reasons for GitHub’s ascendance, but Sourceforge hasn’t helped its own cause. In the years since career services outfit DHI Holdings acquired it 2012, users have lamented the spread of third-party ads that masquerade as download buttons, tricking users into downloading malicious software. Sourceforge has tools that enable users to report misleading ads, but the problem has persisted. That’s part of why the team behind GIMP, a popular open source alternative to Adobe Photoshop, quit hosting its software on Sourceforge in 2013.
Instead of trying to make nice, Sourceforge stirred up more hostility earlier this month when it declared the GIMP project “abandoned” and began hosting “mirrors” of its installer files without permission. Compounding the problem, Sourceforge bundled installers with third party software some have called adware or malware. That prompted other projects, including the popular media player VLC, the code editor Notepad++, and WINE, a tool for running Windows apps on Linux and OS X, to abandon ship.
It’s hard to say how many projects have truly fled Sourceforge because of the site’s tendency to “mirror” certain projects. If you don’t count “forks” in GitHub—copies of projects developers use to make their own tweaks to the code before submitting them to the main project—Sourceforge may still host nearly as many projects as GitHub, says Bill Weinberg of Black Duck Software, which tracks and analyzes open source software.
But the damage to Sourceforge’s reputation may already have been done. Gaurav Kuchhal, managing director of the division of DHI Holdings that handles Sourceforge, says the company stopped its mirroring program and will only bundle installers with projects whose originators explicitly opt in for such add-ons. But misleading “download” ads likely will continue to be a game of whack-a-mole as long as Sourceforge keeps running third-party ads. In its hunt revenue, Sourceforge is looking less like an important collection of human knowledge and more like a plungered museum full of dangerous traps.
No Ads (For Now)
GitHub has a natural defense against ending up like this: it’s never been an ad-supported business. If you post your code publicly on GitHub, the service is free. This incentivizes code-sharing and collaboration. You pay only to keep your code private. GitHub also makes money offering tech companies private versions of GitHub, which has worked out well: Facebook, Google and Microsoft all do this.
Still, it’s hard to tell how much money the company makes from this model. (It’s certainly not saying.) Yes, it has some of the world’s largest software companies as customers. But it also hosts millions of open source projects free of charge, without ads to offset storage, bandwidth, and the services layered on top of all those repos. Investors will want a return eventually, through an acquisition or IPO. Once that happens, there’s no guarantee new owners or shareholders will be as keen on offering an ad-free loss leader for the company’s enterprise services.
Other freemium services that have raised large rounds of funding, like Box and Dropbox, face similar pressures. (Box even more so since going public earlier this year.) But GitHub is more than a convenient place to store files on the web. It’s a cornerstone of software development—a key repository of open-source code and a crucial body of knowledge. Amassing so much knowledge in one place raises the specter of a catastrophic crash and burn or disastrous decay at the hands of greedy owners loading the site with malware.
Yet GitHub has a defense mechanism the librarians of ancient Alexandria did not. Their library also was a hub. But it didn’t have Git.
Git Goodness
The “Git” part of GitHub is an open source technology that helps programmers manage changes in their code. Basically, a team will place a master copy of the code in a central location, and programmers make copies on their own computers. These programmers then periodically merge their changes with the master copy, the “repository” that remains the canonical version of the project.
Git’s “versioning” makes managing projects much easier when multiple people must make changes to the original code. But it also has an interesting side effect: everyone who works on a GitHub project ends up with a copy their computers. It’s as if everyone who borrowed a book from the library could keep a copy forever, even after returning it. If GitHub vanished entirely, it could be rebuilt using individual user’s own copies of all the projects. It would take ages to accomplish, but it could be done.
Still, such work would be painful. In addition to the source code itself, GitHub is also home to countless comments, bug reports and feature requests, not to mention the rich history of changes. But the decentralized nature of Git does make it far easier to migrate projects to other hosts, such as GitLab, an open source alternative to GitHub that you can run on your own server.
In short, if GitHub as we know it went away, or under future financial pressures became an inferior version of itself, the world’s code will survive. Libraries didn’t end with Alexandria. The question is ultimately whether GitHub will find ways to stay true to its ideals while generating returns—or wind up the stuff of legend.
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